Best Ladies Ski Gloves

Discover the best ladies ski gloves designed to keep your hands warm and protected on the slopes. Our collection features gloves with waterproof and breathable materials, ensuring comfort in any weather. With insulated options and touchscreen compatibility, you can easily stay connected while enjoying your winter adventures. Ergonomic designs provide a secure fit and enhanced dexterity for optimal performance. Gear up for your next ski trip with gloves that combine functionality and style, making every run enjoyable and worry-free.

Filter
Sort: Best Selling
Filter
Brand
Top Brands
(8)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
View All Brands +
Activity
(3)
(9)
(1)
(20)
Product Type
(25)
(8)
Size
XS(3)
S(21)
M(23)
L(22)
XL(3)
M_L(2)
S_M(2)
6(6)
7(5)
8(5)
View All Sizes +
Color
Price
34 products
View:  All|34 Products
On Sale
Columbia Women's Snow Diva II Gloves
  • Black Dobby
  • Moonvista Dobby
  • Rich Wine

Columbia Women's Snow Diva II Gloves

See Price in Cart

WAS: $50.00*

(16)

Keeps my hands warm for skiing. ... Warm& Comfy ... A good option if not going with mittens. ... keeps my hands pretty warm and there soft inside. ... [ I 've already shared an extended review about the pants, and the gloves perfectly complement them in color, style, and

See all reviews

5 E
[ Bought these gloves for my wife. She ’s an Aggie…loved the color

5 Alex K
[ Really well made and beautiful. Look like they will last many years. Super warm. Great quality, a keeper!

5 Rhyno
[ Sleek and Stylish. These gloves will do the trick for you.

5 Meruert Kuttybaikyzy
[ I 've already shared an extended review about the pants, and the gloves perfectly complement them in color, style, and comfort.

5 Dot
[ Gloves are extremely warm but flexible enough for driving!

On Sale
Outdoor Research Women's Adrenaline Glove
  • Harbor
  • Oyster
  • Black

Outdoor Research Women's Adrenaline Glove

$29.97-$59.00

WAS: $59.00*

(4)

Perfect gloves for skiing or generally being in the snow. ... Used it while skiing in near Zero temps! ... Awesome ski gloves ... Weather proof and warm without being

See all reviews

5 Liz Mitchener
Used it while skiing in near Zero temps! Hands were warm the whole time!

5 Luke K
I bought a pair of these for my wife and daughter. Perfect gloves for skiing or generally being in the snow. Weather proof and warm without being hot. The armband is a nice feature so you can take the gloves off without having to put them down.

On Sale
The North Face Women's Indie ETip Gloves

The North Face Women's Indie ETip Gloves

$21.97-$40.00

WAS: $40.00*

(51)

Excellent warmth for hands ... Perfect for those chilly days outside. ... These fit really well, they are not to bulky yet still warm and they work great with my touch screen

See all reviews

5 Osunutzy
Not to heavy nor to light. Nice fit and feel. Soft

5 kateg412
These gloves are exactly what I was looking for- lightweight, but warm. Most importantly, still easy to maneuver in while wearing.

5 TheBigGuy
Bought these for my fiancé for Christmas along with a matching hat. She loves them.

5 Louha71234
Great fit and very durable. Able to use electronics with E Tip

5 Smohr411
The size fits perfect, they keep my hands warm, and they work with my phone ’s touch screen. Bonus is they are cute too!

Hestra Women's Patrol Gauntlet Mitten
  • Navy

Hestra Women's Patrol Gauntlet Mitten

$195.00

(1)

Best all around mittens ... These are a best! ... Instantly soft and warm on inside and sturdy leather complimented by cute pattern on outside. ... [ Nicest pair of mittens and they will likely be for years to

See all reviews

5 Aviron
[ Nicest pair of mittens and they will likely be for years to come. Instantly soft and warm on inside and sturdy leather complimented by cute pattern on outside. These are a best! Extend up over wrists nicely, have clips and wrist bands for winter sports or easy off and not losing.

Obermeyer Women's Regulator Gloves
  • White
  • Black
  • Riviera

Obermeyer Women's Regulator Gloves

$69.00

(5)

Perfect gloves for a very cold ski weekend. ... Excellent ski gloves! ... Not only did my hands stay warm but very stylish and fit well. ... Purchased these on sale for my

See all reviews

5 Kincaid86
I bought these gloves for a football game in 5- degree weather. Not only did my hands stay warm but very stylish and fit well. Buying a second pair for my daughter, whose hands froze in a high- priced competitor.

5 Dent
Daughter seems to enjoy them Looks well constructed She says they are warm

5 ABCezas123
Nice warm gloves. Like the pocket for to insert hand warmers

5 SavvyShopper
Perfect gloves for a very cold ski weekend. They stayed dry and have pockets for hand warmers

4 elygalle
Purchased these on sale for my daughter. She loves them.

On Sale
Seirus Women's Heatwave Plus Soundtech Vanish Gloves
  • Heather Gray
  • Black

Seirus Women's Heatwave Plus Soundtech Vanish Gloves

$28.97-$31.97

WAS: $64.99*

(2)

Definitely comfortable and are warm ... Just bought these, a little expensive but they say you get what you pay for, hopefully they are aa good as the

See all reviews

4 Boor
Just bought these, a little expensive but they say you get what you pay for, hopefully they are aa good as the price! Definitely comfortable and are warm

Obermeyer Women's Regulator Mittens
  • Black
  • White
  • Riviera

Obermeyer Women's Regulator Mittens

$85.00

(5)

I absolutely love these gloves ... I like the wrist adjustment for a snug fit. ... She was very happy with how warm her hands were as we walked around Mirror

See all reviews

5 J3P1D
I purchased these for my wife, before heading to Lake Placid. She was very happy with how warm her hands were as we walked around Mirror Lake.

5 Gloves
It went very quickly and very smoothly. Excellent customer service. I absolutely love these gloves

5 SkiBufFan
I purchased these for my daughter for snowboarding in cold Buffalo winters. They look great, keep her hands, warm and great quality

5 Corrie
I bought these a few weeks ago ago and am happy with them

4 Runner mom
Lightweight yet warm. I like the wrist adjustment for a snug fit. The snaps keep the mittens together when not being worn

On Sale
Igloos Women's Waterproof Insulated Glove
  • Black

Igloos Women's Waterproof Insulated Glove

See Price in Cart

WAS: $19.99*

686 Women's GORE-TEX Smarty 3-in-1 Gauntlet Mittens
  • Black
  • Smokey Lilac

686 Women's GORE-TEX Smarty 3-in-1 Gauntlet Mittens

$94.95

(1)

These felt super warm, warmer than I

See all reviews

4 Kelly K.
These felt super warm, warmer than I needed. I ended up returning. They also did n't seem like they were going to fit under the cuffs of my 686 Smarty jacket.

The North Face Women's Montana Ski Mittens
  • Tnf Black

The North Face Women's Montana Ski Mittens

$35.97-$65.00

WAS: $65.00*

(6)

Great gloves very warm ... She said they ’ re the best mittens she ’s ever had. ... They keep my hands nice and warm. ... just took these on a ski trip to northern Michigan and these kept my hands toasty even when the temps were in the

See all reviews

5 KristynMSU
just took these on a ski trip to northern Michigan and these kept my hands toasty even when the temps were in the teens!

5 Anonymous
Bought these for my wife for Christmas and she loves them. She said they ’ re the best mittens she ’s ever had.

5 Horsegitl
I received these for Christmas and I really like them. They keep my hands nice and warm.

5 Bob27
I am thrilled I finally have a pair of mittens that are warm and cozy

5 TeenieBean
I gave these to a friend who lives in cold snowy Syracuse NY and she loves them! She can run her snowblower without her hands being cold. I have had the same product for 3 years

On Sale
Igloos Women's Ski Gloves
  • Black

Igloos Women's Ski Gloves

$9.99

WAS: $19.99*

(107)

My wife bought these just before some extremely cold weath rolled in.. she has worn them ice skating, sledding, and snow boarding, and has been very pleased. says her hands are nice and

See all reviews

5 nannieiris
These gloves keep your hands dry in the heaviest of snows. They fit nicely.

5 sandy49
Great quality and good fit. Excellent buy. I am ready for winter now that I have my gloves!

5 Katie0822
These gloves met my standards and beyond. They are great everyday snow gloves as well as they work well for snowboarding!

5 Stoney
My wife said that these gloves are comfortable and would recommend them to anyone

5 jen
The gloves fit perfect and are very warm. My 12 year old daughter wears them

On Sale
Igloos Women's Insulated Touch Ski Glove
  • Black

Igloos Women's Insulated Touch Ski Glove

See Price in Cart

WAS: $39.99*

(14)

Very warm and fit perfect. ... Love that these gloves have the pocket inserts for the hand warmers which gives extra added warmth. ... These gloves fit great and are very

See all reviews

5 FSheridan
My daughter, mother of two, wanted warm snow gear for playing outside with the kids. These were perfect. Great price and toasty warm

5 Lul70
Very warm and fit perfect. Sales personnel were very helpful and awesome Pre- Christmas Deal!

5 RL23
I bought these to go skiing with my daughter. They were perfect and kept me warm too!

5 HappyLord
Very nice not getting your hands wet when making snowmen n sledding!

5 cv0527
Up from Florida, my hands were freezing, the gloves saved the day.

On Sale
Hestra Women's Powder Gauntlet - 5 finger Gloves
  • Beige
  • Off White

Hestra Women's Powder Gauntlet - 5 finger Gloves

$100.00

WAS: $110.00*

(3)

These are nice and toasty and keep kid's hands warmer than the Scott gloves which are great for above 25F. ... Bulky but high quality ... Good for snow but not much

See all reviews

5 Ski Gloves
So happy with my purchase. My daughter said her hands have never been warmer or dryer.

5 Active winter sports
I have a pair of these in the 3 finger claw type, they are my colder weather ski gloves. I got these for my teen kid since we go ski in colder temps( under 20F). These are nice and toasty and keep kid's hands warmer than the Scott gloves which are great for above 25F. I was able to get for the same price as Amazon so picking up at Dick's House of Sport was easy and we got to use them the next day. My pair of Hestras are going strong 5+ years later and still fine. At$ 110 the features Hestra should provide but does n't on these gloves were wrist tethers and a clip to keep the pair together( provided on their more expensive gloves) I added both myself which is easy to do. Even though they are expensive I think they will last years and years. Make sure to put the leather conditioner on the leather sections to keep them in good shape( it is sold separately).

4 Nickname2345
Good for snow but not much else. It is a bit bulky

Columbia Women's Last Tracks II Gloves
  • Black

Columbia Women's Last Tracks II Gloves

$45.00

(13)

These gives kept my hands warm while skiing and were easy to take on and off ... Perfect ski glove ... My daughter loved these gloves for skiing. ... Very warm and

See all reviews

5 KeithEEE
They fit well and keep your hands warm, and look nice as well.

5 Alison8888
These gives kept my hands warm while skiing and were easy to take on and off

5 Eobert
Kept the kids warm for hours of fun wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww

5 BAmir
My daughter loved these gloves for skiing. They kept her hands dry and warm.

5 Trish

Burton Women's GORE-TEX® Gloves
  • Moondust Purple
  • True Black

Burton Women's GORE-TEX® Gloves

$84.95

(13)

These gloves have kept me very warm and dry throughout a very cold ski season. ... Perfect for sledding too. ... Love that these come with a fleece shell glove, and have the draw string around the

See all reviews

5 maryclaire
My hands typically get so cold very fast. These gloves have been awesome for outdoor activities in Washington. I 've actually had to take them off while skiing and snowshoeing because my hands are too warm. I have n't warn them while sitting still, but they have been perfect for being active in very cold temperatures/snow/rain.

5 Troy
Great for every day use or in the cold mid west months. Perfect for sledding too. You can ’ t go wrong

5 Natashapickle
Love these gloves very comfortable and nice and warm

5 Landerson315
Bought these for a last minute ski trip. I have n't purchased snow gloves in 8- 10 years, and these were great. Love that these come with a fleece shell glove, and have the draw string around the wrist. Gore- tex is an added bonus.

5 Kayte
[ I ordered these gloves a month ago for this season and after one use I ’ m sure they ’ re going to be great all season! They fit so well and are the most comfortable gloves I ’ ve ever owned

The North Face Women's Montana Ski Glove
  • Tnf Black
  • White Dune

The North Face Women's Montana Ski Glove

$65.00

(42)

Absolutely did the job for this winter season in the Midwest…. Definitely one of the best winter gloves I have owned ... Excellent gloves would recommend, warm and Cozy for

See all reviews

5 Claudy
Keeps my hands warm during cold winters in Chicago.

5 B33ka
Used these gloves on our recent ski trip. They kept my hands super warm. Very happy with my purchase!

5 HMD1
These were perfect and warm for our Banff, Canada trip

5 BobbyWasabi
Bought this a month ago and super cute and warm! I would recommend this product for anyone about to go on a ski trip or snowboarding! My hands never got cold.

5 raeraenj
Gloves are true fit, soft, and cozy. Highly recommend.

Burton Women's Profile Gloves
  • Stout White Updated
  • True Black

Burton Women's Profile Gloves

$52.95

(17)

I bought these gloves for skiing and I am very happy with them, I would definitely recommend for skiers and snowboarders!!! ... Great for skiing and great features and warm with good

See all reviews

5 Meegy
I bought these to go snowboarding and they work great with my phone too

5 Mom1013
Bought these for my daughter for her birthday and she loves them

5 boosuly
Bought a month ago for skiing and kept me warm all day

5 MCQ1523
Love the colors and styles bought these the last two seasons. Definitely mid weight so if you get cold easily get a thicker glove or add warmers.

5 ASHBOR
I bought these when I was going snowboarding. They worked great and kept my hands warm.

Hestra Women's Powder Gauntlet - Mittens
  • Off White
  • Beige

Hestra Women's Powder Gauntlet - Mittens

$110.00

Quick Facts

Good removable

Burton Women's Sapphire Gloves
  • Forest Moss
  • True Black
  • True Black Heather

Burton Women's Sapphire Gloves

$39.95

(11)

It has become a holiday tradition buying my wife Burton gloves for the holiday. She loves the style, fit and functionality of them, especially the text friendly

See all reviews

5 Nikia
I think these are great gloves… I had tried my daughters pair that had the different grip than these ones and really liked them so ordered these ones so they wouldn ’ t be entirely the same. These ones have dots on the palms instead. I consider myself to have bigger sized hands so sized up to a large. I definitely should ’ ve gotten the med! The fingers are too long for me and look funny to me. So I ’ m definitely just going to exchange for the med! They ’ re very frilly and work great on my iPhone. Just be careful with sizing! The med feel sung but not too tight. I had to pull them over my hands which is why I sized up thinking they ’ d just be slightly bigger. Overall I recommend these gloves!

5 PaPop
It has become a holiday tradition buying my wife Burton gloves for the holiday. She loves the style, fit and functionality of them, especially the text friendly fingertips. Shopping is hard but at least I ’ ve got this one gift I know I can count on.

5 Jellybean318
I really like these gloves, They are nice. Keep my hands warm when out walking

5 Je2013
Bought these gloves for my mother in law and she absolutely loves them. Color was perfect.

5 Rome
Got these for my girlfriend and she really likes them. We live in Atlanta so not cold but these are perfect for our chilly mornings and nights.

ActionHeat Women's 5V Battery Heated Snow Gloves
  • Black

ActionHeat Women's 5V Battery Heated Snow Gloves

$149.99

(48)

Bought these gloves for skiing and they kept my fingers nice and warm. ... Good for skiing ... i just love these gloves they are really cozy with all this

See all reviews

5 Emily
i just love these gloves they are really cozy with all this snow!

5 Patty
I could n't decide between the snow gloves and the premium gloves and just decided to try the cheaper ones first to see if they heated up enough for a Wisconsin winter. Yuppers, they do. So with the money I saved not buying the snow gloves, I got some more 5volt batteries, so my hands do n't every get cold if I can help it. Shoveling snow or brushing off my car I wear these gloves and they have n't let me down yet.

5 Jamie
I usually buy the Grabber hand warmers during the winter in order to slip them inside my gloves to keep my hands warm. When I saw these heated gloves in the store, I thought it was such a clever idea. It saves me money and I feel better about not using so many disposable hand warmers. The battery packs are slim and not even noticeable inside the zippered pocket on the cuffs. They are convenient and easy to use and recharge.

5 Cassidy
I wanted to try a set of battery heated gloves that heat fingers, and you can definitely feel the heat in these gloves. I have poor circulation around my hands, so the heating from these gloves helped a lot.

5 Anita
I bought these gloves for a friend to wear when she is making deliveries, and now all of her colleagues ask about them!

Outdoor Research Women's Carbide Sensor Glove
  • Black

Outdoor Research Women's Carbide Sensor Glove

$120.00

(9)

I love the stretchy wrist strap for when I 'm skiing! ... [ Love these gloves for skiing. ... The gloves are very well made and extremely warm. ... They would be perfectly fine for anything above 32

See all reviews

5 LauraB
[ Love these gloves for skiing. Very warm, decent price. My son bought them for me but sadly I lost one- so I just had to replace them. Glad to find them.

5 Allison
Used these gloves this past winter in the mountains and definitely kept my hands warm. I love the stretchy wrist strap for when I 'm skiing!

5 Craig
Awesome resort or snowmobile gloves. Warm and durable. Looks bulletproof. So far so good

5 neil g
The gloves are very well made and extremely warm. Unfortunately they are too big and can not be returned at this purchase site. I would buy again if 1 size smaller available

4 Sidney M
I still love these gloves and will continue to use them. HOWEVER, I did gain some more experience with them. Doing astrophotography in Arches in 21 degree weather taught me that I 'll need to add another layer and use hand warmers with these. They were fine while the blood was pumping, but when it came to waiting around, my fingers got numb. They would be perfectly fine for anything above 32 degrees. The pull tabs and large openings made it easy to get my hands in and out quickly. Adjusts at the wrist and opening for a tighter fit.

Seirus Women's Heatwave Fleck Gloves
  • White
  • White Solid
  • Black Heather

Seirus Women's Heatwave Fleck Gloves

$49.99

(6)

They keep my hands warm and they are always in my pockets so I can put them on right away ... Very comfortable and warm! ... Kept my hands warm the entire

See all reviews

5 Vandypack
I bought a pair a few years ago for me. Bought a pair for my daughter for Christmas

5 Kimu20
They keep my hands warm and they are always in my pockets so I can put them on right away

5 IanH
Love these gloves. I got them for our New Year ’s Eve trip to Niagara Falls and was very happy they kept my hands nice and warm!

5 stacker
Bought the gloves for the Eagles playoff game. They were perfect. Kept my hands warm the entire game.

5 JeremyT
Dick ’s employee Ty at the Lakewood store was very helpful a friendly during this transaction. He went the extra mile to climb up on the ladder and find additional gloves for us. Thank you.

Burton Women's Gore Mittens
  • Moondust Purple
  • True Black

Burton Women's Gore Mittens

$84.95

(2)

I got these for skiing and they are perfect. ... They are double layer and keep you warm ... Bought this mittens for my daughter who is learning the

See all reviews

5 Stephanie90
I got these for skiing and they are perfect. They are double layer and keep you warm

5 Hailun
Bought this mittens for my daughter who is learning the snowboarding. She used several times and likes it very much.

Hestra Women's Leather Box Mittens
  • Off White
  • Black

Hestra Women's Leather Box Mittens

$85.00

(3)

These are the best mittens I have ever used in 30+ years of skiing. ... I bought this glove for a trip to Iceland- My hands stayed warm& dry, even hiking thru an Ice

See all reviews

5 Adventureshopping
I bought this glove for a trip to Iceland- My hands stayed warm& dry, even hiking thru an Ice Cave.

5 JennVfromNJ
I bought these for my High Schooler for her ski/snowboard trips. She has been snow boarding for 5+ years and said these are the best gloves/mittens that she has ever had... said they do n't even get wet and her hands have never been warmer and drier. We treat them with leather conditioner after every trip and so far an A++++

5 Yooper Skiier
I have always had problems keeping my hands and fingers warm. I do a lot of downhill skiing. I found the answer! These are the best mittens I have ever used in 30+ years of skiing.

You may also like...

On Sale
On Sale
Columbia Women's Arctic Crest Gloves
  • Black
  • Everblue

Columbia Women's Arctic Crest Gloves

See Price in Cart

WAS: $35.00*

On Sale
Best Ladies Ski Gloves

On this page...

  • What features should I look for in the best ladies ski gloves?
  • How do I determine the right size for ladies ski gloves?
  • What materials are commonly used in high-quality ladies ski gloves?
  • Are there specific styles of ladies ski gloves for different skiing conditions?
  • How do insulation and waterproofing affect the performance of ladies ski gloves?
  • What are the benefits of gauntlet-style versus wrist-length ladies ski gloves?
  • How can I ensure my ladies ski gloves provide maximum warmth and comfort?
  • What should I consider when choosing ladies ski gloves for extreme cold weather?
  • Are there any specific brands known for their quality in ladies ski gloves?
  • How do I know if my ladies ski gloves are durable enough for frequent use?

Frequently Asked Questions For Best Ladies Ski Gloves

When searching for quality ladies ski gloves, consider features such as insulation for warmth, waterproof materials to keep hands dry, and breathability to manage moisture. Look for adjustable cuffs to ensure a snug fit and prevent snow from entering. Additionally, touchscreen compatibility can be useful for using devices without removing the gloves. Finally, consider the overall fit and flexibility to ensure comfort and dexterity while skiing.

To determine the right size for ladies ski gloves, start by measuring the circumference of your hand just below the knuckles, excluding the thumb. Use a measuring tape or a piece of string to get the measurement, then compare it to the sizing chart provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, consider the length of your fingers, as some styles may have specific fit recommendations based on finger length. Trying on gloves with the intended base layers can also help ensure a comfortable fit.

High-quality ladies ski gloves are often made from materials that provide warmth, waterproofing, and breathability. Common materials include GORE-TEX, which offers excellent waterproof protection while allowing moisture to escape, and synthetic insulation for added warmth. Additionally, leather is frequently used for durability and grip, while soft fleece or lining materials enhance comfort. These combinations help ensure that the gloves perform well in cold and wet conditions.

Yes, there are specific styles of ladies ski gloves designed for various skiing conditions. For colder climates, insulated gloves with waterproof materials are ideal to keep hands warm and dry. In milder conditions, lighter gloves or mittens may provide sufficient warmth while allowing for better dexterity. Additionally, gloves with features like touchscreen compatibility or gauntlet styles can enhance functionality and comfort during skiing activities.

Insulation and waterproofing are crucial factors that influence the performance of ladies ski gloves. Insulation helps retain warmth, ensuring hands stay comfortable in cold conditions, while waterproofing prevents moisture from snow or rain from penetrating the gloves. Together, these features enhance overall comfort and functionality, allowing for better dexterity and grip while skiing. Choosing gloves with the right balance of insulation and waterproofing can significantly improve the skiing experience.

Gauntlet-style ski gloves offer extended coverage over the wrist and forearm, providing better protection against snow and cold. This design helps to keep warmth in and prevents snow from entering the glove, making them ideal for deep powder conditions. In contrast, wrist-length gloves are typically more lightweight and flexible, allowing for easier movement and dexterity, which can be beneficial for tasks like adjusting gear. Ultimately, the choice between the two styles depends on personal preference and the specific skiing conditions.

To ensure your ladies ski gloves provide maximum warmth and comfort, look for gloves made with insulating materials that trap heat while allowing moisture to escape. Features such as waterproofing and windproofing can help keep your hands dry and protected from the elements. Additionally, consider gloves with adjustable cuffs to create a snug fit, preventing cold air and snow from entering. Finally, choose gloves with a soft lining for added comfort during extended wear.

When choosing ladies ski gloves for extreme cold weather, consider insulation materials that provide warmth without adding bulk. Look for waterproof and breathable fabrics to keep hands dry and comfortable during long periods in the snow. Additionally, features like adjustable cuffs and wrist straps can help seal out cold air and snow. Finally, ensure the gloves offer a good fit and dexterity for handling ski equipment.

Many brands are recognized for their quality in ladies ski gloves, offering a range of styles and materials designed for warmth and comfort on the slopes. These brands often incorporate advanced technologies such as waterproofing and insulation to enhance performance in cold weather. When selecting ski gloves, consider factors like fit, dexterity, and the specific conditions you will be skiing in to find the right option for your needs.

To determine if ladies ski gloves are durable enough for frequent use, consider the materials used in their construction. Look for gloves made from high-quality fabrics that offer water resistance and breathability, as well as reinforced areas that can withstand wear and tear. Additionally, check for features like double stitching and strong seams, which can enhance durability. Reading customer reviews can also provide insights into how well the gloves hold up over time in various conditions.